:root{--mac-maroon: #7a003c;--mac-maroon-dark: #5e002e;--mac-gold: #fdbf57;--mac-grey: #495965;--mac-bayfront-blue: #0d5d78;--mac-kings-forest-green: #0e5b3d;--mac-albion-falls-blue: #aad5e1;--mac-pier4-purple: #cc99cc;--mac-botanical-pink: #ff9980;--mac-cootes-green: #e4ea6c;--mac-dundurn-grey: #dbdbdd;--mac-black: #000000;--mac-white: #ffffff;--mac-surface-alt: #f5f5f5;--mac-font-heading: "Poppins", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;--mac-font-body: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;--mac-radius-button: 4px;--mac-radius-block: 8px;--mac-container: 1280px;--mac-gutter: 32px}@media (max-width: 768px){:root{--mac-gutter: 16px}}.navbar-brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:1rem}.navbar-mcmaster{display:block;line-height:0}.navbar-mcmaster img{height:44px;min-width:75px;width:auto}.navbar-divider{width:1px;height:36px;background:var(--mac-grey)}.navbar-logo{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.6rem;color:var(--mac-black);text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer}.navbar-logo img{width:32px;height:auto}.navbar-logo span{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2;color:var(--mac-black)}.site-footer{background:var(--mac-maroon);color:var(--mac-white);font-family:var(--mac-font-body);padding:3.5rem var(--mac-gutter) 2rem}.site-footer :focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--mac-gold);outline-offset:2px}.footer-inner{max-width:var(--mac-container);margin:0 auto}.footer-top{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:2rem;padding-bottom:2rem;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25)}.footer-brand{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:2rem}.footer-mcmaster img{display:block;height:64px;width:auto}.footer-lab{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.75rem}.footer-lab img{width:40px;height:auto}.footer-lab-name{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1.15rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.25}.footer-lab-tagline{display:block;font-family:var(--mac-font-body);font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;opacity:.9}.footer-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.5rem 1.75rem;margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.site-footer a{color:var(--mac-gold);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:3px;transition:color .3s}.site-footer a:hover{color:var(--mac-white)}.footer-credits{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.4rem;padding:1.5rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5}.footer-app-name{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.8rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase}.footer-authors-sep{margin:0 .6rem;opacity:.6}.footer-note{margin:0;opacity:.9}.footer-bottom{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;gap:.75rem;padding-top:1.5rem;font-size:.875rem}@media (max-width: 768px){.navbar-brand{gap:.75rem}.navbar-mcmaster img{height:40px}.navbar-divider{height:30px}.navbar-logo img{width:26px}.navbar-logo span{font-size:.95rem;max-width:130px}.footer-mcmaster img{height:52px}}@media (max-width: 480px){.navbar-logo span{font-size:.85rem;max-width:96px}}*,*:before,*:after{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{margin:0;min-width:320px;min-height:100vh;background:var(--mac-white);color:var(--mac-black);font-family:var(--mac-font-body);font-synthesis:none;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}img{max-width:100%;display:block}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_AMS;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_AMS-Regular-BQhdFMY1.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_AMS-Regular-DMm9YOAa.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_AMS-Regular-DRggAlZN.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Caligraphic;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold-Dq_IR9rO.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold-BEiXGLvX.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Bold-ATXxdsX0.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Caligraphic;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular-Di6jR-x-.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular-CTRA-rTL.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Caligraphic-Regular-wX97UBjC.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Fraktur;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold-CL6g_b3V.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold-BsDP51OF.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Fraktur-Bold-BdnERNNW.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Fraktur;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular-CTYiF6lA.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular-Dxdc4cR9.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Fraktur-Regular-CB_wures.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Main;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Bold-Cx986IdX.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Bold-Jm3AIy58.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Bold-waoOVXN0.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Main;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic-DxDJ3AOS.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic-SpSLRI95.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-BoldItalic-DzxPMmG6.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Main;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Italic-NWA7e6Wa.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Italic-BMLOBm91.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Italic-3WenGoN9.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Main;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Regular-B22Nviop.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Regular-Dr94JaBh.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Main-Regular-ypZvNtVU.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Math;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic-CZnvNsCZ.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic-iY-2wyZ7.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Math-BoldItalic-B3XSjfu4.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Math;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Math-Italic-t53AETM-.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Math-Italic-DA0__PXp.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Math-Italic-flOr_0UB.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_SansSerif;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold-D1sUS0GD.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold-DbIhKOiC.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Bold-CFMepnvq.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_SansSerif;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic-C3H0VqGB.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic-DN2j7dab.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Italic-YYjJ1zSn.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_SansSerif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular-DDBCnlJ7.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular-CS6fqUqJ.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_SansSerif-Regular-BNo7hRIc.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Script;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Script-Regular-D3wIWfF6.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Script-Regular-D5yQViql.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Script-Regular-C5JkGWo-.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Size1;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Size1-Regular-mCD8mA8B.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size1-Regular-C195tn64.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size1-Regular-Dbsnue_I.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Size2;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Size2-Regular-Dy4dx90m.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size2-Regular-oD1tc_U0.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size2-Regular-B7gKUWhC.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Size3;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(data:font/woff2;base64,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) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size3-Regular-CTq5MqoE.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size3-Regular-DgpXs0kz.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Size4;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Size4-Regular-Dl5lxZxV.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size4-Regular-BF-4gkZK.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Size4-Regular-DWFBv043.ttf) format("truetype")}@font-face{font-display:block;font-family:KaTeX_Typewriter;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/assets/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular-CO6r4hn1.woff2) format("woff2"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular-C0xS9mPB.woff) format("woff"),url(/assets/KaTeX_Typewriter-Regular-D3Ib7_Hf.ttf) format("truetype")}.katex{font: 1.21em KaTeX_Main,math,Times New Roman,serif;line-height:1.2;position:relative;text-indent:0;text-rendering:auto}.katex *{-ms-high-contrast-adjust:none!important;border-color:currentColor}.katex .katex-version:after{content:"0.19.1"}.katex .katex-mathml{border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}.katex .katex-html>.katex-newline{display:block}.katex .katex-base{position:relative;white-space:nowrap;width:-moz-min-content;width:min-content}.katex .katex-base,.katex .katex-strut{display:inline-block}.katex .textbf{font-weight:700}.katex .textit{font-style:italic}.katex .textrm{font-family:KaTeX_Main}.katex .textsf{font-family:KaTeX_SansSerif}.katex .texttt{font-family:KaTeX_Typewriter}.katex .mathnormal{font-family:KaTeX_Math;font-style:italic}.katex .mathit{font-family:KaTeX_Main;font-style:italic}.katex .mathrm{font-style:normal}.katex .mathbf{font-family:KaTeX_Main;font-weight:700}.katex .boldsymbol{font-family:KaTeX_Math;font-style:italic;font-weight:700}.katex .amsrm,.katex .mathbb,.katex .textbb{font-family:KaTeX_AMS}.katex .mathcal{font-family:KaTeX_Caligraphic}.katex .mathfrak,.katex .textfrak{font-family:KaTeX_Fraktur}.katex .mathboldfrak,.katex .textboldfrak{font-family:KaTeX_Fraktur;font-weight:700}.katex .mathtt{font-family:KaTeX_Typewriter}.katex .mathscr,.katex .textscr{font-family:KaTeX_Script}.katex .mathsf,.katex .textsf{font-family:KaTeX_SansSerif}.katex .mathboldsf,.katex .textboldsf{font-family:KaTeX_SansSerif;font-weight:700}.katex .mathitsf,.katex .mathsfit,.katex .textitsf{font-family:KaTeX_SansSerif;font-style:italic}.katex .mainrm{font-family:KaTeX_Main;font-style:normal}.katex .vlist-t{border-collapse:collapse;display:inline-table;table-layout:fixed}.katex .vlist-r{display:table-row}.katex .vlist{display:table-cell;position:relative;vertical-align:bottom}.katex .vlist>span{display:block;height:0;position:relative}.katex .vlist>span>span{display:inline-block}.katex .vlist>span>.pstrut{overflow:hidden;width:0}.katex .vlist-t2{margin-right:-2px}.katex .vlist-s{display:table-cell;font-size:1px;min-width:2px;vertical-align:bottom;width:2px}.katex .katex-vbox{align-items:baseline;display:inline-flex;flex-direction:column}.katex .katex-thinbox{display:inline-flex;flex-direction:row;max-width:0;width:0}.katex .msupsub{text-align:left}.katex .mfrac>span>span{text-align:center}.katex .mfrac .frac-line{border-bottom-style:solid;display:inline-block;width:100%}.katex .katex-hdashline,.katex .katex-hline,.katex .katex-overline .overline-line,.katex .katex-rule,.katex .katex-underline .underline-line,.katex .mfrac .frac-line{min-height:1px}.katex .mspace{display:inline-block}.katex .katex-smash{display:inline;line-height:0}.katex .clap,.katex .llap,.katex .rlap{position:relative;width:0}.katex .clap>.katex-inner,.katex .llap>.katex-inner,.katex .rlap>.katex-inner{position:absolute}.katex .clap>.katex-fix,.katex .llap>.katex-fix,.katex .rlap>.katex-fix{display:inline-block}.katex .llap>.katex-inner{right:0}.katex .clap>.katex-inner,.katex .rlap>.katex-inner{left:0}.katex .clap>.katex-inner>span{margin-left:-50%;margin-right:50%}.katex .katex-rule{border:0 solid;display:inline-block;position:relative}.katex .katex-hline,.katex .katex-overline .overline-line,.katex .katex-underline .underline-line{border-bottom-style:solid;display:inline-block;width:100%}.katex .katex-hdashline{border-bottom-style:dashed;display:inline-block;width:100%}.katex .sqrt>.katex-root{margin-left:.2777777778em;margin-right:-.5555555556em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size1{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size2{font-size:1.2em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size3{font-size:1.4em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size4{font-size:1.6em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size5{font-size:1.8em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size6{font-size:2em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size7{font-size:2.4em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size8{font-size:2.88em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size9{font-size:3.456em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size10{font-size:4.148em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size1.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size1.size11{font-size:4.976em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size1{font-size:.8333333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size2{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size3{font-size:1.1666666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size4{font-size:1.3333333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size5{font-size:1.5em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size6{font-size:1.6666666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size7{font-size:2em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size8{font-size:2.4em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size9{font-size:2.88em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size10{font-size:3.4566666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size2.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size2.size11{font-size:4.1466666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size1{font-size:.7142857143em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size2{font-size:.8571428571em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size3{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size4{font-size:1.1428571429em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size5{font-size:1.2857142857em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size6{font-size:1.4285714286em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size7{font-size:1.7142857143em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size8{font-size:2.0571428571em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size9{font-size:2.4685714286em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size10{font-size:2.9628571429em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size3.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size3.size11{font-size:3.5542857143em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size1{font-size:.625em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size2{font-size:.75em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size3{font-size:.875em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size4{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size5{font-size:1.125em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size6{font-size:1.25em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size7{font-size:1.5em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size8{font-size:1.8em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size9{font-size:2.16em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size10{font-size:2.5925em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size4.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size4.size11{font-size:3.11em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size1{font-size:.5555555556em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size2{font-size:.6666666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size3{font-size:.7777777778em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size4{font-size:.8888888889em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size5{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size6{font-size:1.1111111111em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size7{font-size:1.3333333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size8{font-size:1.6em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size9{font-size:1.92em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size10{font-size:2.3044444444em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size5.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size5.size11{font-size:2.7644444444em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size1{font-size:.5em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size2{font-size:.6em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size3{font-size:.7em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size4{font-size:.8em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size5{font-size:.9em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size6{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size7{font-size:1.2em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size8{font-size:1.44em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size9{font-size:1.728em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size10{font-size:2.074em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size6.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size6.size11{font-size:2.488em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size1{font-size:.4166666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size2{font-size:.5em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size3{font-size:.5833333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size4{font-size:.6666666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size5{font-size:.75em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size6{font-size:.8333333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size7{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size8{font-size:1.2em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size9{font-size:1.44em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size10{font-size:1.7283333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size7.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size7.size11{font-size:2.0733333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size1{font-size:.3472222222em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size2{font-size:.4166666667em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size3{font-size:.4861111111em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size4{font-size:.5555555556em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size5{font-size:.625em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size6{font-size:.6944444444em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size7{font-size:.8333333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size8{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size9{font-size:1.2em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size10{font-size:1.4402777778em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size8.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size8.size11{font-size:1.7277777778em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size1{font-size:.2893518519em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size2{font-size:.3472222222em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size3{font-size:.4050925926em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size4{font-size:.462962963em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size5{font-size:.5208333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size6{font-size:.5787037037em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size7{font-size:.6944444444em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size8{font-size:.8333333333em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size9{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size10{font-size:1.2002314815em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size9.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size9.size11{font-size:1.4398148148em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size1{font-size:.2410800386em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size2{font-size:.2892960463em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size3{font-size:.337512054em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size4{font-size:.3857280617em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size5{font-size:.4339440694em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size6{font-size:.4821600771em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size7{font-size:.5785920926em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size8{font-size:.6943105111em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size9{font-size:.8331726133em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size10{font-size:1em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size10.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size10.size11{font-size:1.1996142719em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size1,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size1{font-size:.2009646302em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size2,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size2{font-size:.2411575563em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size3,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size3{font-size:.2813504823em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size4,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size4{font-size:.3215434084em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size5,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size5{font-size:.3617363344em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size6,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size6{font-size:.4019292605em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size7,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size7{font-size:.4823151125em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size8,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size8{font-size:.578778135em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size9,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size9{font-size:.6945337621em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size10,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size10{font-size:.8336012862em}.katex .fontsize-ensurer.reset-size11.size11,.katex .katex-sizing.reset-size11.size11{font-size:1em}.katex .delimsizing.size1{font-family:KaTeX_Size1}.katex .delimsizing.size2{font-family:KaTeX_Size2}.katex .delimsizing.size3{font-family:KaTeX_Size3}.katex .delimsizing.size4{font-family:KaTeX_Size4}.katex .delimsizing.mult .delim-size1>span{font-family:KaTeX_Size1}.katex .delimsizing.mult .delim-size4>span{font-family:KaTeX_Size4}.katex .nulldelimiter{display:inline-block;width:.12em}.katex .delimcenter,.katex .op-symbol{position:relative}.katex .op-symbol.small-op{font-family:KaTeX_Size1}.katex .op-symbol.large-op{font-family:KaTeX_Size2}.katex .katex-accent>.vlist-t,.katex .op-limits>.vlist-t{text-align:center}.katex .katex-accent .accent-body{position:relative}.katex .katex-accent .accent-body:not(.accent-full){width:0}.katex .katex-overlay{display:block}.katex .mtable .vertical-separator{display:inline-block;min-width:1px}.katex .mtable .arraycolsep{display:inline-block}.katex .mtable .col-align-c>.vlist-t{text-align:center}.katex .mtable .col-align-l>.vlist-t{text-align:left}.katex .mtable .col-align-r>.vlist-t{text-align:right}.katex .svg-align{text-align:left}.katex svg{fill:currentColor;stroke:currentColor;display:block;height:inherit;position:absolute;width:100%}.katex svg path{stroke:none}.katex svg{fill-rule:nonzero;fill-opacity:1;stroke-width:1;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-dashoffset:0;stroke-opacity:1}.katex img{border-style:none;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0;min-width:0}.katex .katex-stretchy{display:block;overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%}.katex .katex-stretchy:after,.katex .katex-stretchy:before{content:""}.katex .hide-tail{overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%}.katex .halfarrow-left{left:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:50.2%}.katex .halfarrow-right{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;width:50.2%}.katex .brace-left{left:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:25.1%}.katex .brace-center{left:25%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:50%}.katex .brace-right{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;right:0;width:25.1%}.katex .x-arrow-pad{padding:0 .5em}.katex .cd-arrow-pad{padding:0 .55556em 0 .27778em}.katex .mover,.katex .munder,.katex .x-arrow{text-align:center}.katex .boxpad{padding:0 .3em}.katex .fbox,.katex .fcolorbox{border:.04em solid;box-sizing:border-box}.katex .cancel-pad{padding:0 .2em}.katex .cancel-lap{margin-left:-.2em;margin-right:-.2em}.katex .katex-sout{border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:.08em}.katex .angl{border-right:.049em solid;border-top:.049em solid;box-sizing:border-box;margin-right:.03889em}.katex .anglpad{padding:0 .03889em}.katex .reflectbox{display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1)}.katex .eqn-num:before{content:"(" counter(katexEqnNo) ")";counter-increment:katexEqnNo}.katex .mml-eqn-num:before{content:"(" counter(mmlEqnNo) ")";counter-increment:mmlEqnNo}.katex .mtr-glue{width:50%}.katex .cd-vert-arrow{display:inline-block;position:relative}.katex .cd-label-left{display:inline-block;position:absolute;right:calc(50% + .3em);text-align:left}.katex .cd-label-right{display:inline-block;left:calc(50% + .3em);position:absolute;text-align:right}.katex-display{display:block;margin:1em 0;text-align:center}.katex-display>.katex{display:block;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap}.katex-display>.katex>.katex-html{display:block;position:relative}.katex-display>.katex>.katex-html>.katex-tag{position:absolute;right:0}.katex-display.leqno>.katex>.katex-html>.katex-tag{left:0;right:auto}.katex-display.fleqn>.katex{padding-left:2em;text-align:left}body{counter-reset:katexEqnNo mmlEqnNo}:root{--bg: var(--mac-white);--bg-alt: var(--mac-surface-alt);--section-bg: var(--mac-white);--card-bg: var(--mac-white);--card-border: var(--mac-dundurn-grey);--text-primary: var(--mac-black);--text-secondary: var(--mac-grey);--text-muted: var(--mac-grey);--accent: var(--mac-maroon);--accent-hover: var(--mac-maroon-dark);--footer-bg: var(--mac-maroon);--nav-height: 84px;--nav-height-solid: 68px;--ease-smooth: cubic-bezier(.25, .46, .45, .94)}html,body,#root{height:100%;width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-x:hidden;font-family:var(--mac-font-body);background:var(--bg);color:var(--text-primary);font-size:16px;line-height:1.5;scroll-behavior:smooth}*{box-sizing:inherit;margin:0;padding:0}#root{text-align:left}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading)}:focus-visible{outline:3px solid rgba(122,0,60,.45);outline-offset:2px}.skip-link{position:absolute;left:16px;top:-100px;z-index:2000;background:var(--mac-maroon);color:var(--mac-white);font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-weight:600;padding:.75rem 1.25rem;border-radius:var(--mac-radius-button);text-decoration:none;transition:top .2s ease}.skip-link:focus{top:16px}.btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;padding:.75rem 1.5rem;border:2px solid transparent;border-radius:var(--mac-radius-button);font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;transition:background .3s ease,color .3s ease,border-color .3s ease,gap .3s ease}.btn:hover{gap:.75rem}.btn-primary{background:var(--mac-maroon);border-color:var(--mac-maroon);color:var(--mac-white)}.btn-primary:hover{background:var(--mac-gold);border-color:var(--mac-gold);color:var(--mac-black)}.btn-secondary{background:transparent;border-color:var(--mac-maroon);color:var(--mac-maroon)}.btn-secondary:hover{background:var(--mac-maroon);color:var(--mac-white)}.navbar{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:1000;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 var(--mac-gutter);height:var(--nav-height);background:var(--mac-white);transition:height .4s var(--ease-smooth),box-shadow .4s ease}.navbar.transparent{box-shadow:0 1px #0000}.navbar.solid{height:var(--nav-height-solid);box-shadow:0 1px 0 var(--mac-dundurn-grey),0 6px 24px #0000000f}.navbar-mcmaster img{transition:height .4s var(--ease-smooth)}.navbar.solid .navbar-mcmaster img{height:40px}.navbar-links{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:2rem;list-style:none}.navbar-links a{color:var(--text-primary);text-decoration:none;font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.95rem;font-weight:500;transition:color .3s ease;position:relative;padding-bottom:4px}.navbar-links a:after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:0;height:2px;background:var(--accent);transition:width .3s ease}.navbar-links a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.navbar-links a:hover:after{width:100%}.menu-toggle{display:none;background:none;border:none;color:var(--text-primary);font-size:1.5rem;cursor:pointer;padding:.5rem}.stats-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:4rem;padding:4rem 2rem;background:var(--bg)}.stat-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:.5rem}.stat-number{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--mac-maroon);line-height:1}.stat-label{font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--text-secondary);text-align:center}.glow-divider-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:center;padding:0;background:var(--bg)}.glow-divider{width:60%;max-width:600px;height:2px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,transparent,var(--accent) 20%,var(--accent) 80%,transparent);transform-origin:center}.hero{position:relative;width:100%;height:100vh;min-height:600px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;background-color:var(--mac-surface-alt)}.hero-bg{position:absolute;top:-15%;left:0;width:100%;height:130%;z-index:0;will-change:transform;background-color:var(--mac-surface-alt)}.hero-bg img{width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:30% center;object-position:30% center;opacity:0;transition:opacity .6s ease}.hero-bg img.is-loaded{opacity:1}.hero-content{position:relative;z-index:2;margin-left:var(--mac-gutter);margin-right:var(--mac-gutter);margin-top:var(--nav-height);max-width:640px;padding:2.5rem 2.75rem;background:var(--mac-white);border-radius:var(--mac-radius-block);text-align:left}.hero-eyebrow{display:block;font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--mac-maroon);margin-bottom:.75rem}.hero-title{font-size:3.125rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.1;margin-bottom:1.25rem;color:var(--mac-black)}.hero-tagline{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.45;color:var(--text-secondary);max-width:568px;margin-bottom:1.4rem}.hero-actions{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.75rem}.hero-scroll-indicator{position:absolute;bottom:2rem;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%);z-index:2;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;padding:.5rem .9rem .6rem;background:var(--mac-white);border-radius:var(--mac-radius-block);color:var(--mac-maroon);font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.7rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase}.scroll-arrow{width:2px;height:28px;background:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--mac-maroon),transparent);animation:scrollPulse 2s ease-in-out infinite}@keyframes scrollPulse{0%,to{opacity:1;transform:scaleY(1)}50%{opacity:.3;transform:scaleY(.6)}}.full-section{position:relative;width:100%;min-height:80vh;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:7rem var(--mac-gutter);overflow:hidden;background:var(--bg)}.full-section>div{width:100%}.full-section.section-alt{background:var(--bg-alt)}.full-section.section-maroon{min-height:60vh;background:var(--mac-maroon);color:var(--mac-white)}.section-maroon :focus-visible{outline-color:var(--mac-gold)}.full-section.has-bg{background:transparent}.section-bg-image{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:0}.section-bg-image img{width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:center;object-position:center}.section-bg-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;background:#0000008c;z-index:1}.section-inner{width:100%;max-width:var(--mac-container);margin:0 auto}.section-header{text-align:center;margin-bottom:3.5rem}.section-label{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.85rem;font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:2px;color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:.75rem;display:block}.section-maroon .section-label{color:var(--mac-gold)}.section-title{font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;color:var(--text-primary);margin-bottom:1rem}.section-title:after{content:"";display:block;width:56px;height:3px;margin:1.1rem auto 0;background:var(--accent)}.section-subtitle{font-size:1.125rem;color:var(--text-secondary);max-width:600px;margin:0 auto;line-height:1.45}.mission-text{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.55;color:var(--mac-white);max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center}.mission-highlight{color:var(--mac-gold)}.project-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:1.5rem}.project-card{background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--card-border);border-radius:var(--mac-radius-button);padding:2.5rem;transition:border-color .4s ease,box-shadow .4s ease,transform .4s ease;display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.project-card:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:4px;background:var(--accent);transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left;transition:transform .5s var(--ease-smooth)}.project-card:hover{border-color:#c4c4c8;box-shadow:0 14px 36px #00000014}.project-card:hover:before{transform:scaleX(1)}.project-card h3{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin-bottom:.75rem;color:var(--text-primary)}.project-card p{font-size:1rem;color:var(--text-secondary);line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:1.5rem;flex:1}.project-card p.project-spinout{flex:none;margin-top:-.75rem;font-size:.95rem}.project-spinout a{color:var(--accent);font-weight:600;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}.project-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;transition:gap .3s ease,color .3s ease;align-self:flex-start}.project-link:hover{color:var(--text-primary);gap:.75rem}.teaching-card{background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--card-border);border-radius:var(--mac-radius-button);padding:3rem;text-align:center;max-width:736px;margin:0 auto;transition:border-color .4s ease,box-shadow .4s ease}.teaching-card:hover{border-color:#c4c4c8;box-shadow:0 14px 36px #00000014}.teaching-card p{font-size:1.125rem;color:var(--text-secondary);margin-bottom:2rem;line-height:1.45}.teaching-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.5rem;padding:.75rem 1.5rem;background:var(--mac-maroon);border:2px solid var(--mac-maroon);border-radius:var(--mac-radius-button);color:var(--mac-white);text-decoration:none;font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;transition:background .3s ease,color .3s ease,border-color .3s ease,gap .3s ease}.teaching-link:hover{background:var(--mac-gold);border-color:var(--mac-gold);color:var(--mac-black);gap:.75rem}.team-group{margin-bottom:3.5rem}.team-group:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.team-group-title{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--text-primary);text-align:center;margin-bottom:1.75rem}.team-grid{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:1.5rem}.team-card{width:250px;max-width:100%;background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--card-border);border-radius:0;overflow:hidden;transition:border-color .4s ease,box-shadow .4s ease,transform .4s ease;text-align:center;position:relative}.team-card:after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;height:4px;background:var(--accent);transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left;transition:transform .5s var(--ease-smooth)}.team-card:hover{border-color:#c4c4c8;box-shadow:0 14px 36px #00000014;transform:translateY(-4px)}.team-card:hover:after{transform:scaleX(1)}.team-card-image{width:100%;height:260px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--mac-surface-alt)}.team-card-image img{width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .5s ease}.team-card:hover .team-card-image img{transform:scale(1.05)}.team-card-placeholder{width:100%;height:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;color:var(--mac-white);background:var(--mac-maroon)}.team-card-info{padding:1.5rem}.team-card-info h3{font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:600;margin-bottom:.3rem;color:var(--text-primary)}.team-card-info .team-title{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.9rem;color:var(--accent);font-weight:500;margin-bottom:.2rem}.team-card-info .team-detail{font-size:.875rem;color:var(--text-secondary)}.podcast-wrapper{max-width:800px;margin:0 auto}.pub-tabs{display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;margin-bottom:3rem;border-bottom:2px solid var(--mac-dundurn-grey)}.pub-tab{background:var(--mac-white);border:none;border-top:2px solid transparent;border-radius:0;padding:.9rem 1.75rem;color:var(--mac-black);font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1rem;font-weight:600;cursor:pointer;transition:background .3s ease,color .3s ease,border-color .3s ease}.pub-tab:hover{background:var(--mac-gold);color:var(--mac-black)}.pub-tab.active{background:var(--mac-maroon);color:var(--mac-white);border-top-color:var(--mac-gold)}.pub-tab-panel{min-height:300px}.pub-empty-state{text-align:center;color:var(--text-secondary);font-size:1rem;padding:3rem 1rem}.pub-card-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(320px,1fr));gap:1.5rem}.pub-card-v2{background:var(--card-bg);border:1px solid var(--card-border);border-radius:0;overflow:hidden;transition:border-color .4s ease,box-shadow .4s ease,transform .4s ease;display:flex;flex-direction:column;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;position:relative}.pub-card-v2:after{content:"";position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;height:4px;background:var(--accent);transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left;transition:transform .5s var(--ease-smooth)}.pub-card-v2:hover{border-color:#c4c4c8;box-shadow:0 14px 36px #00000014;transform:translateY(-4px)}.pub-card-v2:hover:after{transform:scaleX(1)}.pub-card-v2-image{width:100%;height:200px;overflow:hidden;background:var(--mac-surface-alt)}.pub-card-v2-image img{width:100%;height:100%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;transition:transform .5s ease}.pub-card-v2:hover .pub-card-v2-image img{transform:scale(1.05)}.pub-card-v2-body{padding:1.5rem;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex:1}.pub-card-v2--text{border-top:4px solid var(--accent);min-height:220px}.pub-card-v2--text .pub-card-v2-body{padding:1.75rem 1.5rem 1.5rem}.pub-card-v2--text .pub-card-v2-body h4{font-size:1.15rem}.pub-card-v2-source{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.75rem;font-weight:600;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1.5px;color:var(--accent);margin-bottom:.5rem}.pub-card-v2-body h4{font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--text-primary);line-height:1.45;margin-bottom:1rem;flex:1}.pub-card-v2-action{font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--accent);transition:color .3s}.pub-card-v2:hover .pub-card-v2-action{color:var(--text-primary)}.pub-card-v2--static{cursor:default}.pub-card-v2--static:hover{border-color:var(--card-border);box-shadow:none;transform:none}.pub-card-v2--static:hover:after{transform:scaleX(0)}.pub-card-v2--static:hover .pub-card-v2-image img{transform:none}.pub-card-v2-action--muted{color:var(--text-secondary);font-family:var(--mac-font-body);font-weight:400;font-style:italic}.pub-card-v2--static:hover .pub-card-v2-action--muted{color:var(--text-secondary)}.mobile-menu{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:var(--mac-white);z-index:999;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:2rem}.mobile-menu a{color:var(--text-primary);text-decoration:none;font-family:var(--mac-font-heading);font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:600;transition:color .3s}.mobile-menu a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.mobile-menu-close{position:absolute;top:1.5rem;right:2rem;background:none;border:none;color:var(--text-primary);font-size:2rem;cursor:pointer}@media (max-width: 1024px){.project-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.team-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}.navbar-links{gap:1.25rem}.hero-title{font-size:2.75rem}}@media (max-width: 900px){.navbar-links{display:none}.menu-toggle{display:block}}@media (max-width: 768px){:root{--nav-height: 72px;--nav-height-solid: 64px}.hero{align-items:flex-end}.hero-content{margin:0 var(--mac-gutter) 5.5rem;padding:1.75rem 1.5rem}.hero-title{font-size:2.75rem}.hero-tagline{font-size:1.05rem}.hero-scroll-indicator{display:none}.full-section{padding:5rem var(--mac-gutter);min-height:auto}.full-section.section-maroon{min-height:auto}.section-title{font-size:2rem}.project-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.project-card{padding:1.75rem}.team-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.mission-text{font-size:1.3rem}.pub-card-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.pub-tab{flex:1 1 50%;padding:.75rem 1rem;font-size:.9rem}.stats-bar{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:2rem 3rem;padding:3rem 1.5rem}.stat-number{font-size:2.2rem}}@media (max-width: 480px){.hero-title{font-size:2.25rem}.hero-tagline{font-size:1rem}.hero-actions .btn{flex:1 1 100%;justify-content:center}.section-title{font-size:1.75rem}.team-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.full-section{padding:4rem var(--mac-gutter)}.project-card{padding:1.5rem}.stats-bar{gap:1.5rem 2rem;padding:2.5rem 1rem}.stat-number{font-size:1.8rem}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce){html,body,#root{scroll-behavior:auto}*,*:before,*:after{animation-duration:.01ms!important;animation-iteration-count:1!important;transition-duration:.01ms!important}}